Classical period of modern geography: basic characteristics

The Classical period of modern geography is a critical era that has played a significant role in shaping the discipline of geography as it is known today. This period spanned from the late 18th century to the mid-19th century and was characterised by a focus on systematic and scientific observation of the Earth's physical and human features, as well as an emphasis on mapping, exploration, and categorisation.

Important Characteristics

1. Systematic Exploration and Mapping

• Exploration: This period saw extensive exploration, driven by colonial expansion and scientific curiosity. Explorers like James Cook, Alexander von Humboldt, and Lewis and Clark contributed significantly to the geographical knowledge of the time.
• Mapping: Advances in cartography and the development of more accurate maps were notable. The use of triangulation and improved instruments like the sextant enhanced the precision of geographical data.

2. Emphasis on Empirical Observation

• Fieldwork: Geographers placed a strong emphasis on empirical observation and fieldwork. They collected data on physical landscapes, climates, flora, fauna, and human societies directly from the field.
• Natural History: This approach was heavily influenced by natural history, focusing on describing and categorizing the natural world in detail.

3. Development of Regional Geography

• Descriptive Accounts: Regional geography emerged, emphasizing detailed descriptive accounts of different parts of the world. This included the study of physical geography (landforms, climates) and human geography (cultures, economies).
• Holistic View: Geographers aimed for a holistic understanding of regions, integrating various aspects of both the natural environment and human activities.

4. Influence of Enlightenment Thought

• Rationalism: The Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and science influenced geographical thought. Geographers sought to apply rational methods and scientific principles to understand the Earth and its phenomena.
• Universal Laws: There was an effort to discover universal laws governing geographical phenomena, inspired by the broader scientific movement of the time.

5. Systematic Classification and Theorization

• Thematic Studies: Geographers began to focus on thematic studies, such as climatology, biogeography, and geomorphology, aiming to classify and theorize about these aspects systematically.
• Environmental Determinism: A prevalent theory was environmental determinism, which posited that the physical environment, especially climate, determined human behavior and societal development.

6. Contributions of Key Figures

• Alexander von Humboldt: Often regarded as a pioneer, Humboldt’s work laid the foundations for biogeography and the study of human-environment interactions. His travels and extensive writings, such as "Kosmos," influenced many contemporary and later geographers.
• Carl Ritter: Another key figure, Ritter emphasized the importance of studying the interrelations between humans and their environment, contributing to the development of human geography.

7. Colonial and Imperial Context

• Colonial Expansion: The geographical knowledge gained during this period was often tied to colonial and imperial ambitions. Geographical societies and institutions supported exploration and the mapping of territories for economic and strategic purposes.
• Resource Mapping: Identifying and mapping resources became critical, as colonial powers sought to exploit the natural wealth of their colonies.

8. Institutionalization of Geography

• Geographical Societies: Institutions like the Royal Geographical Society (founded in 1830) were established, promoting geographical research, exploration, and the dissemination of geographical knowledge.
• Academic Discipline: Geography began to emerge as a distinct academic discipline, with universities offering courses and programs dedicated to geographical studies.