Robinson’s Geographical components of tourism
Robinson's geographical components of tourism, also known as Robinson's geographical elements of tourism, are a framework proposed by R.W. Robinson highlights the key geographical factors that influence the development and functioning of the tourism industry. These components help in understanding the spatial dynamics of tourism and its relationship with the physical and human environment.
The geographical components of tourism include the following:
Accessibility and location. Accessibility refers to the ease of reaching and moving within a destination. Good transportation infrastructure, including airports, roads, railways, and seaports, is crucial for tourism development. The availability of direct flights, well-connected routes, efficient public transportation, and visitor-friendly transportation services enhance accessibility and facilitate the movement of tourists.
The location of a destination is a fundamental aspect of its spatial dimension. It refers to the specific place where tourism activities occur. The geographical coordinates, such as latitude and longitude, determine the positioning of a destination on the Earth's surface. For example, the location of the Maldives in the Indian Ocean and its remote nature contribute to its appeal as a tropical paradise destination.
i. Space: In Robinson's framework of geographical components of tourism, "space" is one of the key elements that influences tourism development and functioning. Space refers to the physical geography and spatial characteristics of a destination, including its location, size, distribution, and spatial relationships.
Size and Scale: The size of a destination and its scale in relation to other regions influence tourism patterns and experiences. Large countries or regions offer diverse landscapes and attractions, allowing for different tourism experiences within a single destination. For instance, the vast size of Australia provides opportunities for various activities ranging from exploring cities like Sydney to experiencing the Outback or the Great Barrier Reef.
Distribution and Spatial Patterns: The distribution of tourism resources and attractions within a destination affects the spatial patterns of tourist flows and the development of tourism infrastructure. Some destinations have concentrated tourist areas, such as coastal resorts or urban centres, while others may have dispersed attractions across a wider area. The spatial distribution of attractions and tourism services can shape visitor movement and the overall spatial organisation of a destination.
Spatial Relationships: Space influences the spatial relationships between destinations, attractions, and regions. Proximity to other destinations or attractions can lead to increased visitor flows and the creation of tourism clusters. For instance, the Amalfi Coast in Italy is known for its picturesque towns that are closely located, allowing tourists to explore multiple destinations within a relatively small area
ii. Scenery: In Robinson's geographical components of tourism, "scenery" is a geographical element that refers to the natural landscapes, vistas, and visual attributes of a destination that are considered aesthetically pleasing and attractive to tourists. Scenic beauty often stems from the presence of diverse and captivating natural landscapes. This can include mountains, valleys, forests, lakes, rivers, coastlines, waterfalls, and deserts. The unique geological formations, biodiversity, and ecological characteristics of these landscapes contribute to their scenic appeal. For example, the stunning fjords of Norway, the majestic Rocky Mountains in Canada, or the breathtaking landscapes of the Amazon rainforest.
a) Landforms, e.g. mountains, hills, canyons, cliffs, volcanic features, coral reefs, etc.
b) Water, e.g. rivers, lakes, waterfalls, geysers, glaciers, the sea, etc.
c) Vegetation, e.g. forests, grasslands, health, deserts, etc.
Climate: Sunshine and cloud, temperature conditions, rain and snow determines the type of climate and weather pattern of any tourist destination. For example, tropical climates typically have high temperatures, high humidity, and abundant rainfall throughout the year, while desert climates are characterised by hot temperatures and low precipitation.
Animal life: Animal life acts as an important attraction for tourism. People visit forests and natural areas to watch different wild animals. Sometimes people visit certain areas for hunting some wild animals as a matter of Recreation and adventure. Fishing is another important activity done by tourists in water bodies.
a) Wild life, e.g. birds, game reservations, zoos.
b) Hunting and fishing.
Settlement features: Scenic beauty can also be found in rural and countryside settings. Rolling hills, farmlands, vineyards, meadows, and pastoral landscapes evoke a sense of tranquillity and natural beauty. Regions like Tuscany in Italy with its picturesque vineyards and farmhouses, the lavender fields of Provence in France, or the Scottish Highlands with its dramatic landscapes exemplify the scenic allure of rural areas.
Cities with iconic skylines, architectural marvels, historic sites, and well-designed public spaces can be visually captivating. Examples include the skyline of New York City with its towering skyscrapers, the historic charm of Paris with its elegant boulevards and iconic landmarks, or the modern architecture of Dubai with its impressive skyline and artificial islands.
Cultural landscapes, historic sites, and architectural heritage can contribute to the scenic appeal of a destination. Examples include the iconic ancient ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru, the historic city of Petra in Jordan, or the intricate architecture of the Taj Mahal in India.
a) Town, Cities, villages
b) Historical remains and monuments.
c) Archaeological remains.
Culture: In Robinson's geographical components of tourism, "culture" is a significant geographical element that refers to ways of life, traditions, folklore, arts and crafts etc. Culture plays a crucial role in attracting tourists, shaping the tourism experience, and promoting intercultural exchange.
Living Cultural Traditions: Living cultural traditions of tribal people which involve practices, customs, and lifestyles that have been passed down through generations attract visitors who may engage with local communities to learn about traditional crafts, agricultural practices, music, dance, or religious rituals. Examples include indigenous communities in the Amazon rainforest, tribal villages in Africa, or traditional rural communities in Japan, Jarwa in Andaman, India.
Festivals and Celebrations: Examples include the Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, Durga Puja and Diwali in India, Oktoberfest in Germany, or the Chinese New Year celebrations.
Performing Arts and Cultural Shows: Theatre, dance, music, and folklore performances, are cultural expressions that entertain and educate tourists. Traditional dances like flamenco in Spain, Chhou, Bihu, Kalbelia, Manipuri, Garbha etc. in India, or theatrical performances like Kabuki in Japan provide opportunities for visitors to immerse themselves in the local culture.
Handicrafts and Artisanal Traditions: Handicrafts and artisanal products are tangible representations of cultural traditions and skills. Visitors often seek out authentic crafts, artworks, textiles, and traditional products as souvenirs or for their artistic value. Examples include batik textiles in Indonesia, pottery in Mexico, wood carvings in Africa, ivory carving in West Bengal, or silk products in Thailand.
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